I've got to do something to keep these essays shorter. Anyway, today's article is about the great movies of the 1970's. As my friends and colleagues know, I'm in the midst of pre-production with nine very short days to go before shooting starts, and that can be a crazy time. To keep sane, I'm watching movies right now that remind me why I got into this business. When time crunches, and budget pays your puppetmakers and part of your storage, but leaves none to get your hair done (and you're a girl and therefore vulnerable), sometimes you need the reminder!
I notice that my cinema choices this gloomy evening are veering towards Seventies movies whose Act Threes parallel the "you will die if you fail" crises of television production and filmmaking. First, I watched Star Wars 4: A New Hope. Then I watched The Blues Brothers. Then I noticed both films are kind of about the same thing. They also share production aspects, especially where their scoring is concerned. I'll touch on the former briefly, then rant the latter.
Thematically, Star Wars and The Blues Brothers were feel-good movies aimed at the general audience of the Seventies. It was the post-Watergate era, the CB radio craze period. Despite a pretty fair decade, Americans felt under pressure from government, police and other authority. Punk, the ultimate exercise in anarchy, was beginning to curdle and pop across the Atlantic. It was a time for the underdog, the little guy. Instead of siding against the little guy, during the Seventies, Hollywood cheered him on. The movies of the era reflected this sentiment.
Star Wars looks, on the surface, like a science-fiction space opera about a young man with a special destiny encountering a wider universe and becoming a man. Yes, it's about that. But Star Wars was also a film about the triumph of the little guy against The Man. The good guys formed a Rebellion and were called Rebels. The Stormtroopers and The Empire were the bad guys. The entire movie tabulates various incursions, insults and aggressions by The Empire against the generally simple folk of a thousand backwoods worlds who merely wanted to live their lives and trade peacefully. Along come aliens, droids and humans from a dozen worlds who band together, are assisted by The Force, and defeat the bad guys in possibly the single greatest cinematic nailbiter ever shot to celluloid -- the Death Star battle.
The Blues Brothers seems, on the surface, to be a feel-good buddy comedy about two shiftless but likable musicians, a jailbird and his anal, cop-obsessed Bert of a brother, who take on the mission of saving their childhood Catholic orphanage by mounting the tour of the millennium to raise dough for its delinquent tax bill. And yes, that's what it is. But The Blues Brothers was also a movie about two off-the-grid underdogs unrepentantly giving the authorities the ass-kicking of their lives and (almost) getting away with it. (I also consider The Blues Brothers one of Hollywood's most overtly spiritual movies, but that's another rant for another time.) What is The Blues Brothers but a cinematic celebration of the triumph of the little guy?
And Hollywood, during the Seventies, was full of such celebrations: Bullitt, Dirty Harry, Love and The Midnight Auto Supply, The Paper Chase, Smokey and the Bandit, Planet of The Apes, Close Encounters of The Third Kind, The Sugarland Express, One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest, Saturday Night Special, Let's Do It Again, and Blazin' Saddles. And a whole lot more. In fact, looking back, memory seems to tell me the entire decade of the Seventies was a Hollywood orgy of DIY anarchy put to film stock. The dirty dog directors who helmed these popcorn exploits became, during the Eighties, the captains of movie industry. Steven Spielberg. George Lucas. Francis Ford Coppola.
The Eighties were also the decade the underdog died. When Dan Aykroyd tried to continue the celebration after 1979, with Dr. Detroit -- another entry in the little guy compendium, following the Seventies cinema recipe to the letter -- it died on contact. Not even Steven Spielberg prevailed. 1941 was wrapped and handed to him stillborn. Ronald Reagan, authoritarian, was the new man in charge, and out with DIY president Jimmy Carter went the adorable shaggy optimism of the decade. It was a new era, and Hollywood, to quote Steely Dan, "got the news."
So there's shared theme.
But what I also notice, in at least two of these films I'll discuss today, is that directors then, as opposed to now, knew the importance of music score to their movies. They knew that music in fact has so much power in your production, you can't cheerily set it loose everywhere to dominate every scene, every frame. In certain scenes, the music is a lead character and must accompany the action. But in other scenes -- two of which I'll mention -- the music is sufficiently important that, to correctly treat the action, it must be left out, making the scene musicless. A way of putting this casually is to quote Kenny Rogers from his Seventies hit "The Gambler": where scoring is concerned, "you've got to know when to hold em", and "know when to fold em."
WHEN TO HOLD EM
John Landis is one of my five favorite directors. Richard Donner I love for his rock-steady storytelling, assured crane shots (best in the business) and broad, clean sense of humor. John McTiernan I love because he edits while shooting: he actually lines up his shots in such a way editing becomes like connect-the-dots. Die Hard 1, for instance, is such pure cinema ballet there is almost no one who has seen it who cannot quote all the dialogue in correct sequence and who does not know exactly which scene is next at any given point in the film. Danny DeVito I love because his comedy is so cruel, his sense of humor so wicked; and he is a very underrated visual talent. War of The Roses is devastating visually as well as comedically. The Rose house becomes darker and more sinister with each scene; the closer to meltdown the couple gets, the darker and nastier the shots and set become around them.
John Landis, however, I just love for his sheer boyish crush on the medium of film: watch him on a set and he is infectious. His grin glows like a 300 watt softbox; he's ebullient; he jumps, snaps his fingers, shakes his fist "YESSSS" and even jigs. Watch a shot go right and he pounces, shivers and does a toddler dance of glee. Even his mishap on Twilight Zone: The Movie -- which I feel was never his fault as director, but more the stunt coordinator's; I hope the judge has visited a set since and learned this -- failed to dampen John's spirit. He's like the Ner Tamid of Hollywood filmmaking. Feel down about the business? Want to quit production, wanna leave? Watch "The Making of The Blues Brothers". John's middle name ought to be shamash. You'll be taking an angry call from IATSE with a smile in your voice, "Hello-o-o?"
Landis loves music. Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi fully infected our bearded boyish brio ball with a taste for the blues, and Landis never recovered. He packed Blues Brothers full of Stax / Volt single after single, demonstrating how music, utilized correctly in a film, becomes another character in it. Who can imagine the escape from the Palace Hotel without that long, extended band riff going on and on, until the cops suddenly look at each other and realize, "Hey, this song has been playing for an awful long time uninterrupted; where the hell are The Blues Brothers? They're not on stage! They must be -" Look of outrage, spring up from table. "Shit!"
George Lucas, on the other hand, is sager, slower, more wizardly. Speaking of "The Gambler", I would not want to play poker against Lucas: ever. He makes no tells. (Has he ever?) He just sits there, this congenial round bearded ball of Zen, and you get the feeling you could tell him his entire budget has been blown times 80 and John Williams refuses to work with him. The Lucas reaction would be a shrug, a Wallyish, nasal, "Oh well." And off he'd go to some shed in the back for about eighteen months and emerge with an even more lucrative movie than the one he lost.
There's a debate on between me, my brother, and about six thousand people online whether old George is a great storyteller and a brilliant conceptualist, or a rather scattered and lucky, not so talented storyteller and the greatest conceptualist known to man. Whatever he is (I can just hear him say, with a shrug, "Eh. I'm just a guy.") Lucas does know the power of music scoring, and he wisely made John Williams the Ace of Spades in his favorite deck many decades ago. The two together, as a team, pretty much are undefeatable in the genre. Lucas only wants the music where he wants it; and where he doesn't want it, Williams does not put it.
The Death Star Battle is a prime example. It starts out lushly orchestrated; it's my favorite of all John Williams's compositions and has been since 1978, when my brother got the soundtrack album (on vinyl, thank you). There are great leaping Eric Korngold swoops and blasts that will place your heart in your throat during the tense early moments of that scene: who can forget the quiet suspense and fear in the score as a worried Princess Leia and Rebel administrators watch the layout showing yet another Rebel fighter lost, and the Death Star inching perilously closer to perfect range to destroy the base? The spiraling horns as Wedge and Luke tighten it down in the trench, and Mark Hamill delivers my favorite Hamill line, "It'll be just like Beggars' Canyon back home"?
Remember the dark, swirling menacing of lower brass and percussion as Vader coolly pilots his own Tie Fighter up the trench, closing in on our heroes? Or how about this? The timpanis and brass at full throttle the exact moment Han Solo appears from out of nowhere in the Millennium Falcon, sends Vader and his fighters flying, then says, sending the audience into paroxysms of ecstatic movie theater applause I still remember from 1977, "Alright, kid, you're clear! Now let's blow this thing and go home!" These are examples of musical auteur John Williams showing his genius, and George Lucas, as visual auteur, knowing it belonged there, on those moments.
But what you may not remember, without rewinding both those movies and watching them once more to see, is that these scenes are also examples of knowing where music does not belong.
AND NOW, WHEN TO FOLD EM
During the most important part of Act Three -- when Jake and Elwood put pedal to metal streaking through Chicago attempting to escape the police and get that $5,000 to the tax auditor in Daly Plaza in time -- The Blues Brothers has no music at all.
That's right. Check it again.
The exact moment The Bluesmobile smashes through the open daylight police barricade sending wood pieces and fleeing police officers in every which direction, the blues soundtrack drops out to dead silence, leaving only that magnificent foley CRACK and the ensuing skid of some of the best union stunt driving work in cinematic history to tell what happens next. From that moment on, until Henry Gibson's priceless Illinois Nazi leader spots the car blurring past his own -- three minutes and fourteen seconds -- there is not a note of music: instead, it is a symphony of police sirens, skidding tires burning rubber, angry gun shots, and occasional dialogue punctuated often by loud automobile collisions. The music steps wisely back and allows foley to serve as music. The results are unforgettable and legendary. Having placed us under this spell, then Landis breaks it by launching Wagner's "Flight of The Valkyries": and I bet you not only smiled faintly remembering and hearing the piece suddenly start in your mind, but can recite me every line of dialogue and tell me every scene that happens next, right to the plunge and crash of the Pinto. Because that scene cannot be embedded from YouTube, here's another Landis scene restraining music and choosing to restrict soundtrack so that it behaves almost as an actor:
George Lucas, in Act Three of Star Wars, plays the same game. Gold Leader announces to the base he is launching the attack run they've all been planning since practically scene one of the movie, and Darth Vader takes a Tie Fighter from his private bay in counterattack. The Rebels enter the trench of the Death Star to attempt to destroy it. Here is the most crucial battle of the movie. Lucas instructs Williams to back out, and the soundtrack falls to suspenseful silence.
For three minutes and thirty-three seconds, there is no music whatsoever in Star Wars. As in Act Three of Blues Brothers, the foley serves as soundtrack: and what an effective soundtrack it proves to be. Ben Burtt, sound designer to Star Wars, treats us to a delectable smorgasbord of sharp, searing fighter rays, deep, sonorous explosions and taut, tense military dialogue, edited tightly by Lucas's then wife, Marcia into a wicked brew to which Seventies audiences had never been exposed. In 1968, they'd seen 2001: A Space Odyssey, so courtesy of Douglas Trumbull they were moderately used to breathtaking special effects in space; but unfortunately, too many actual scientists were involved in Stanley Kubrick's film, so there was "no sound in space". The optics of 2001, jawdropping though they were (and still are), were rendered curiously mute, but that was the right choice for that film. In Star Wars, with battle scenes like this, sound effects were going to have to be part of the game, and Ben Burtt earned every ounce of that Oscar.
My point is, the directors of The Blues Brothers and Star Wars each made the choice to remove the music for approximately three and one half minutes during Act Three of their movies, and in each case, the dramatic power of both scenes was heightened. Each scene became memorable. Spielberg, between both these powerhouse films with a powerhouse movie of his own, made the same choice in Act Three of Close Encounters of The Third Kind. After instructing Williams to duly whip up audience emotion until Roy Neary reaches the Devil's Tower, once the ship appears at last, confirming Roy's hunches and finally conferring justice and relevance upon his two-hour, family and job-wrecking mission, the scientists, Roy, and movie audiences are left with no music but instead one of the most awe-inspiring sequences in American cinema: the beings using color and light to communicate at length for the first time with mankind. Steven Spielberg knew the importance of music, as Lucas and Landis did. Thus informed, he made exactly the right choice.
So sometimes, knowing how powerful music is and what it can do to your production includes knowing where it is best included and better excluded. I think I've mentioned before that in my silly mind, music is used best by a producer as a chef would garlic: with restraint. It is also best used as an experienced gambler, according to Kenny Rogers, handles money. All together now:
You've got to know when to hold em
Know when to fold em
Know when to walk away
Know when to run
You never overdo scorin'
When Act Three is on the table
There'll be time enough for scorin'
When the movie's done.